Essay about Wittig Reaction Synthesis of Trans-Stilbene

The purpose of this experiment was to perform a wittig reaction, the horner-emmons wittig specifically, reacting an aldehyde with an ylide to make an alkene. This particular variation of the wittig reaction has several advantages: It gives only the trans product; it uses a much milder base that is easier to handle; and it gives a water soluble byproduct which is easy to separate from the product. The reason that these advantages occur is a change in the structure of the ylide. Instead of a tripheylphosphine ylide, we use a diethylphosphonate ylide. The protons are much more acidic and its byproduct is negatively charged. The reason why we chose to create trans-stilbene is become of its many practical applications. Stilbene exists as†¦show more content†¦This modification is similar to a standard Wittig reaction in that the first step, which has already been done for you, is the reaction of a trialkyl phosphite with a suitable alkyl halide as shown below in two steps: In the first step the trialkyl phosphate acts as a nucleophile and, in a typical Sn2 reaction, forms a phosphonium salt. The salt is unstable and a halide ion X displaces R in the Sn2 manner to form a dialkylphosphonate. It is the phosphonate that, in the presence of base, is converted to a Wittig-like reagent. Normally the Wittig reagent is an ylid and neutral, but the modified Wittig is analogous to the carbanion of an aldol intermediate. Due to its resonance forms, the phosphonate anion is able to attack the carbonyl much like acarbanion in an aldol reaction to give an oxyanion species. This is where the analogy with the aldol reaction fails. The oxyanion undergoes a reaction analogous to nucleophilic substitution at an unsaturated center to form the olefin, normally as the E isomer, and a water soluble phosphonate anion. In this particular experiment, diethyl benzylphosphonate is used with benzaldehyde as the carbonyl component. Since phase transfer conditions are used, we can u se a weaker base, the hydroxide ion. The reactivity o the anion formed is very high, resulting in excellent yields of trans-stilbene. The trans form of Stilbene is more favored than the sterically hindered cis form. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedPreparation Of The ( 2 Nitrophenyl ) Acrylate Using The Wittig Reaction1287 Words   |  6 Pages3-(2-Nitrophenyl)acrylate Utilizing the Wittig Reaction Introduction: The Wittig reaction, named after Georg Wittig, produces an alkene from an aldehyde or ketone reacting with a phosphonium ylide (a Wittig reagent). The Wittig reaction is typically stereoselective, which makes the Wittig reagents more difficult to work with but use of the Wittig with different allyl substituents prove to make the Wittig more versatile which can lead to the synthesis of a wide range of alkenes, styrenes, stilbenes, and 1,3-dienes which

Fracking Fracking And Fracking - 879 Words

Fracking is the process of drilling and injecting fluids or even gas into the ground at a high pressure in order to fracture rocks to release gas inside. Some types of fracking are Hydraulic Fracking and Pneumatic Fracking. Hydraulic fracking happens when a liquid fluid such as water, oil and acid just to name a few is used to fracture rocks to release gas. The water brought in is mixed with sand and chemicals to create fracking fluid. Approximately 40,000 gallons of chemicals are used per fracturing (9). Pneumatic fracking has the same concept as hydraulic fracking except instead of using liquid base fluids it uses gas or even air. But pneumatic fracking is usually used in shallow formations. There can be a lot of health and environmental risk that come with fracking in Texas, such contaminating water and destroying land caused by digging into the ground or even what could be a big argument depending on your view point of fracking is whether it causes earthquakes or not. The first frac job was carried out in July 1947. (Charlez 239). But that the current fracking technique was not used on a commercial scale until the 1990s, in the Barnett Shale in Texas according to an article â€Å"Why not fracking† by Bill McKibben. Fracking can be a big topic to talk about in Texas. One of the big topics is how much natural gas it produces, according to Bill Powers â€Å"Texas is the third largest producer of natural gas in the world and as of March 2012Show MoreRelatedFracking : Fracking And Fracking1524 Words   |  7 Pages Hydraulic Fracturing Research Paper Hydraulic Fracturing (also commonly known as fracking) is a process used to extract natural gasses deep within the earth. This is done by drilling vertically into the ground until the desired depth; then drilling horizontally; and pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and other chemicals into the drill at a high pressure to create fissures through which the gas can escape. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is extensively used in the United States in orderRead MoreFracking : Fracking, Or Fracking?2187 Words   |  9 PagesHydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has been a hot topic in recent times due to its controversial ways. Many people argue that it is a way for the United States to become less dependent on foreign oil, while others argue that the environmental cons outweigh the pros of fracking. Fracking is the process of extracting natural gas from underground by drilling into the earth. This is done by injecting water, sand, and chemicals into a bedrock formation by a well (â €Å"Hydraulic Fracking†). By doing this, theRead MoreFracking : Fracking And Fracking851 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Fracking? When you look at the title of this paper you ask yourself, what is fracking, and you probably try to learn the definition so that you’ll actually understand what I am writing about. However, I am going to tell you what fracking is. What is fracking? Fracking is the injection of fluid into the ground in order to get natural fossil fuels to come to the surface, in order to use them for gas and other things (Fracking). How does fracking work? Water and sand are pushed into the groundRead MoreFracking, The And Of Fracking2199 Words   |  9 Pagesthe subject of hydraulic fracturing, better known as fracking has been a constant subject of interest in the news media. The pros and cons of fracking are passionately debated. However, the public should become educated on the subject of fracking prior to choosing a side of the argument. In the scholarly article, â€Å"Super Fracking,† published in 2014, by Donald L. Trucotte, Eldridge M. Moores, and John B. Rundle, a detailed des cription of fracking is provided, followed by their analysis of current issuesRead MoreFracking And The Environment : Fracking983 Words   |  4 PagesTayler Hedgecock Dr. Allen Composition 2 MWF 11 AM Fracking and the Environment Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, is not an environmentally sound method of acquiring cleaner, cheaper energy. Fracking is a practice that is being used in order to collect natural gas from deep within the earth’s layers of shale rock. Fracking is the process in which water, sand, and chemicals are forced with immense pressure, approximately ten to fifteen thousand pounds per square inch, into the shale rockRead Morefracking1150 Words   |  5 Pages Mathew Lee5/27/14 Chemistry Fracking Essay Fracking is a very controversial topic of conversation that’s has been around for years, but has just recently reached the forefront of the environmental scene because of increase in its activity and added opposition against this controversial topic of retrieving natural gas. Fracking is defined as the process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressureRead MoreFracking : Fracking And Its Effects On The Environment1286 Words   |  6 Pagesfracturing, commonly referred to as fracking, is a widespread practice in the United States. Fracking is a method used to extract oil and natural gas. Scientists and citizens report detrimental side effects of hydraulic drilling. New York and Vermont have banned fracking statewide. Maryland has set a two year moratorium on fracking, so that more research can be done to show the impacts of fracking on the environment. Nationwide, many other cities and counties have banned fracking as well. All states shouldRead MoreFracking4183 Words   |  17 PagesFracking and its major implications it has on the earth In today’s day and age, societies are a lot more aware of the environment and furthermore, concerned for the Earths sustainability. Although this is the case for most, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) often target developing countries that are rich in resources and therefore take them for all they’ve got. One such example is fracking the earth, in order to extract natural gases that could potentially benefit corporations and contribute toRead MoreCritical Analysis On Fracking And Fracking1907 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Analysis for Fracking Recently, America was introduced to a new invention called fracking, which makes it conveniently possible to access oil and gas. The fracking process consists of using a technical machine that digs through the surface of the earth and inserts large amounts of water with mixed chemicals to rapidly attain large amounts of oil and gas. However, it has been difficult for people to reach a median between its risks and benefits. Those who refuse fracking are concerned thatRead MoreCritical Analysis On Fracking And Fracking Essay1790 Words   |  8 Pages Critical Analysis for Fracking Throughout the last six or five years, America was introduced to a new invention called Fracking, which is to help access oil and gas through a technical machine. Due to some concerns, it has been difficult to have a median between its risks and benefits. Those who oppose it are concerned with what will happen to the environment and if their fresh water can be at risk for contamination. Those who are for fracking probably are not too concerned for the environment

Malvolio the Fool free essay sample

At first it seems that Malvolio is her lowly servant. However, when we read his role in the â€Å"Persons of the Play† we see that he is the steward of Olivia, which is someone who is in charge of the person’s finances. So right away we see the personality of Malvolio coming through with his low self-esteem and acting like a lowly servant, when in reality he is in a decent middle-class position. Later in the play we see that he is very interested in Olivia, not particularly because of her good looks, but more for the wealth that she holds. This pursuit of love for all the wrong reasons is one of the reasons Malvolio is set up to be made a fool of at the end. In act two, scene two; we see how loyal Malvolio is, to Olivia, when he is talking to the disguised Viola. He is taking care of some of her most private affairs, and will not take no for an answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Malvolio the Fool or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, this loyalty is what gets Malvolio into trouble. In act two, scene three; Malvolio is talking to Sir Toby and Feste when he says: â€Å"Sir Toby, I must be round with you. My Lady bade me tell you that though she harbours you as her kinsman she’s nothing allied to your disorders. If you can separate yourself and your misdemeanours you are welcome to the house. If not, an it would please you to take leave of her she is very willing to bid you farewell† (1784). With this arrogant attitude towards Sir Toby’s unresponsiveness of Olivia he gets set up by Sir Toby and Feste for the big practical joke of the play. Malvolio’s persistence with Sir Toby in act two, scene five, causes him to fall right into Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Fabian’s joke. This is where we really see Malvolio become the complete fool. Despite references to Malvolio being a fool by Feste (who is the fool), earlier in the play, Shakespeare really makes Malvolio the fool of the play when he has him falling into this ploy of humiliation. Shakespeare does this both through the action of him falling for the men’s plan and the contrast from the beginning of the play where Olivia says to Feste, â€Å"You’re a dry fool† (1775), to the end of the play when Olivia says, â€Å"Alas, poor fool, how have they baffled thee† (1820), to Malvolio. The three men convince Malvolio that Olivia likes him by giving him a letter that says that he must win her heart by wearing one of the most ridiculous outfits of all time. The three men tell him to dress in the exact opposite style of Olivia’s taste in the letter that they had Maria forge. Then when Malvolio goes to woo Olivia, his world comes crashing down and the joke has been played. Everyone has a good laugh at Malvolio’s expense, and he goes off swearing his revenge for this trickery. There are many ways to read Malvolio’s true nature and what his real role in the play is. Some would argue that Malvolio is a snobby, uptight man that is always putting Sir Toby and Sir Andrew down, and that he is obsessed with trying to show them that he is the better man. They would say that he got what was coming to him for being such a wound-up person. They would also say that this is why Feste gets the last word. They would say that this whole thing is a competition of who can one up the other, and that in the end Feste gets the best of Malvolio and that is why he gets his final word in and Malvolio runs off crying for revenge. However, Shakespeare makes us feel somewhat sorry for Malvolio. If you really get to know Malvolio, he is just a love-sick little puppy who has a very low self-esteem and just wants to make the most out of life that he can. The situation that he is put in when he tries to impress Olivia with his ridiculous outfit is really him finally exposing himself and trying to express himself. Shakespeare is really making Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Feste, and Fabian out to be guys with a horrible sense of humor and the villains of the mini-story of the play. Although we feel a little sorry for Malvolio because he was embarrassed in front of a lady he was attempting to court, our sorrow is short lived. We come to the realization of how silly Malvolio is because he spends his life with this woman, pretty much working as a slave, and yet he doesn’t have any idea what her taste in men are? This man grovels to Olivia’s every need and yet he does not know that she hates every piece of clothing he was told to wear when he met her. This exposed idiocy makes us lose all sorrow for Malvolio, and makes us pity his arrogant and greedy mind. This is where Shakespeare makes one of his morals in this play. Shakespeare is well known for being favorable to the middle-class and this play demonstrates his power to use his connection with this socio-economic group to drive home a point. Malvolio is essentially the role model of what not to be as a middle-class citizen. Shakespeare uses Malvolio’s desire to gain power and money through wedding a woman he knows nothing about but has the step to a higher class ranking as a clear message. Malvolio’s fall shows us that being worried about money and your socio-economic class is something that will make you the biggest fool in town.

The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers free essay sample

This paper focus on the positive personality traits of project managers which can contribute to project success and negative personality traits of project managers which would hamper the effective management of projects. The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers 1, Good interpersonal and communication skills The ability of communication is always one of the most important skill for effective management. Project managers need to know how to clearly and accurately present the right information to the right people in the appropriate manner (Rosenhead, 2012). For the external environment, project managers need to be able to explain the needs and decisions to a wide variety of stakeholders (Pinto, 2010). It is also necessary to convince stakeholders to keep focus on project benefits to get more supports. For the internal environment, project managers need to have a good interaction with team members throughout the project implementation process which include talking and listening concerns and potential problems of the project, giving the feedback and coach to team members, motiving team members keeping high-performances (Pinto, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on The Five Essential Characteristics of Project Managers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is good to create an openness and directness communication environment for the project team. Obviously, a bad communicator cannot be a project manager. 2, Team-Building skills Because the team member come from different department of the organization, it is hard to make them from a group strangers to a single cohesive unit. Project managers must understand this progress and relevant requirements for the transformation (Rosenhead, 2012). In order to build a motivated team, project managers need to take time to understand each team member’s personality, strengths, and weaknesses (Barry, 2013). Meanwhile, project managers also need to have the ability to handle the conflicts. It is also necessary to provide the substance to hold team members together toward the project goals, such as to praise outstanding team members (Brown, 2012). 3, Leadership abilities Good leadership is commitment to ethical practices (Barry, 2013). Project managers create standards of ethical behavior for themselves and team members. The team living by these standards are responsibilities of project leaders. For example, project leaders should reward team member who exemplify these practices. Leadership based on integrity and a set of values, behavior consistent with values (Brown, 2012). In other words, the project leader earns trust from to do what he/she say. Good leadership requires appropriate reaction to changes (Barry, 2013). There are a lot of uncontrolled factors could affect project implementation. Under any of situation, project managers cannot be panic. A leader should show a positive image to the world and let everyone to see that he/she are not flustered by any sudden changes to the plan. â€Å"Being able to react in the right way and show everyone else that you are still in control is a tremendous attribute for any project manager (Rosenhead, 2012). † 4, Ability to Delegate Tasks Project leaders need have the ability to delegate tasks to team members, especially, there is a huge amount of work that need be done in a limited time (Barry, 2013). Trust is an essential element in the relationship of project leader and team members (Rosenhead, 2012). To delegate tasks to others is an action to prove the trust to team members. Some of project leaders do not want to risk to let somebody else to do a poor-performances job, they almost do everything. However, this is a wrong perspective. The project leader often fail who are unable to trust his/her team members (Barry, 2013). It is important to allow team members to participate project tasks. Project managers have to delegate tasks to right people which depends on the understanding of each individuals’ level of skill or limitations (Brown, 2012). 5, Understanding and appreciation of differences As the word is becoming more global, the workplace is becoming more diverse, project leaders have to learn how to manage projects globally. Sensitively to deal project personnel who are from various ethnic, cultural, religious, and socioeconomic backgrounds is critical to build an effective project team (Barry, 2013). Conclusion The characteristics of project managers have a great influence to the success of a project. How to choose right people to lead a project is critical or the company. Basically, an effective project managers should have good interpersonal and communication skills, team-Building skills, leadership abilities, tasks distribution ability, and the understanding of multi-culture. References Pinto, K. J. (2010). Project management: Achieving competitive advantage, 2nd ed. Pearson Education Rosenhead, R. (2012). Can the personality traits of a project manager contribute to project success? Retrieved from http://www. ronrosenhead. co. uk/4630/can-the-personality-traits-of-a-project-manager-contribute-to-project-success/ Brown, S. (2012). Factors most critical to the success of a project manage. Retrieved from http://www. brighthubpm. com/resource-management/63002-factors-most-critical-to-the-success-of-a-project-manager/ Barry, R. T. (2013). Top 10 qualities of a project manager. Retrieved from http://www. projectsmart. co. uk/top-10-qualities-project-manager. html